Morphine Its mechanism of action, uses and side-effects.

Morphine 

Morphine is the principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. It has wide spread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle.

Mechanism of action 

The precise mechanism of analgesic action of morphine is unknown. however, specific CNS opiate receptors have been identified and likely play a role in the expression of analgesic effect. Morphine first acts on the mu- opoid receptors. the mechanism of respiratory depression involves a reduction in carbondioxide tension and to electrical stimulation. It has been shown that morphine binds to and inhibits GABA inhibitory interneurons. These interneurons normally inhibit the descending pain inhibition pathway. so, without the inhibitory signals, pain modulation can proceed downstream.

Uses 

Morphine are usually use for the relief and treatment of severe pain.

Side-effects : 

Nausea, vomiting, constipation, light headache, dizziness, drowsiness or sweating may occurs. and to prevent the constipation, dietary fiber food should be taken as food and drink enough water and exercise should be done. similarly to reduce the risk of dizziness and light headache patients need to get up slowly when rising from the sitting or lying place. 

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Pradaxa 110 mg It's mechanism of action, side effect and uses

  Dabigatran etexilate  (Pradaxa 110 mg )

It is an oral prodrug that is metabolised by serum esterase to dabigatran.  It is a synthetic, competitive and reversible direct thrombin inhibitor. inhibition of thrombin disrupts the coagulation cascade and inhibit the formation of clots.

It may be used to decrease the risk of venous thromboembolic events in patients who have undergone total hip or knee replacement surgery, or to prevent stroke and systemic embolism in patients with arterial fibrillation, in whom anti-coagulation therapy is indicated. In contrast to warfarin, because its anti- coagulant effects are predictable, lab monitoring is not necessary.

Mechanism of action:

Dabigatran etexilate  is an inactive pro-drug that is converted into dabigatran, the active form by esterase-catalysed hydrolysis in the plasma and liver. dabigatran, the main active principle in plasma is a rapid acting competitive and reversible direct inhibitor of thrombin. Thrombin, a serine protease, is responsible for the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin in the coagulation cascade. inhibition of thrombin consequently prevents thrombus development. dabigatran inhibits free thrombin, fibrin-bound and thrombin-induced platelet aggregation.

Side effects : 

The minor and major side effects are
Constipation, Belching, Nausea, Black stools, Vomiting , Cough , Dizziness, Loss of Consciousness, Fast/ irregular heart beat.

Uses : 

Deep Vein Thrombosis and pulmonary Embolism.
This medicine is used for  the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in patients who have been treated with parental anti-coagulant for 5 to 10 days. It is also used to prevent deep vein thrombosis (DVT)  and  pulmonary embolism (PE)  following a hip replacement of DVT and PE. 

Prevention of Thrombo-embolism in atrial fibrillation:
This medicine is used to prevent the obstruction of blood vessels by clot formation in patients suffering from atrial fibrillation.

Rifaximin Its uses, side effects and Mechanism of action

Rifaximin 

Rifaximin is a semi synthetic, rifamycin based non systemic antibiotic, meaning that the drug will not pass the gastrointestinal wall into the circulation as is common for other types of orally administered antibiotics. 

Mechanism of action

It act by inhibiting RNA synthesis in susceptible bacteria by binding to the beta- subunit of bacterial DNA dependent RNA polymerase enzyme. this result in blockage of translocation step that normally follows the formation of first phosphodiester bond, which occurs in transcription process. 

Side effects 

 This medication may rarely cause a severe intestinal condition due to a type of resistant bacteria. so you have to consult your doctor if you develop persistent diarrea, abdominal or stomach pain / cramping, blood / mucus in stool .

Uses

This medication is used to treat diarrhea caused by the common bacteria known as E.coli. It shouldn't be used if the patients have fever or bloody diarrhea. This antibiotic treat only bacterial infection. It will not work for viral infection. 

Rifaximin is also used to treat irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea. It is also used to prevent a brain problem caused by liver disease. (hepatic encephalopathy) 

Duphaston10 mg and Its uses

   Duphaston 10 mg 

Duphaston 10mg  is a tablet containing dydrogesterone as active substance. It is very similar to the female hormone progesterone made by our body. It is a steroidal progestin.

Uses of Duphaston: 

Duphaston is used for the problem when our body doesn't produce enough progesterone  and also used in the treatment of menopause. Its uses are given below in  points.

1. Duphaston is used to relieve  painful periods.
2. Duphaston is used to treat infertility due to low level of progesterone.
3. Duphaston is used to relieve the symptoms of endometriosis.
4. Duphaston is used to control irregular periods.
5. Duphaston is used to relieve  the symptoms if premenstrual syndrome
6. Duphaston is used to restart the periods that have stopped before menopause.
7. Duphaston is used to stop or prevent unusually heavy and long periods.

Duphaston is also used with an estrogen to treat the sign of menopause. these signs are varies from woman to woman.