Morphine Its mechanism of action, uses and side-effects.

Morphine 

Morphine is the principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. It has wide spread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle.

Mechanism of action 

The precise mechanism of analgesic action of morphine is unknown. however, specific CNS opiate receptors have been identified and likely play a role in the expression of analgesic effect. Morphine first acts on the mu- opoid receptors. the mechanism of respiratory depression involves a reduction in carbondioxide tension and to electrical stimulation. It has been shown that morphine binds to and inhibits GABA inhibitory interneurons. These interneurons normally inhibit the descending pain inhibition pathway. so, without the inhibitory signals, pain modulation can proceed downstream.

Uses 

Morphine are usually use for the relief and treatment of severe pain.

Side-effects : 

Nausea, vomiting, constipation, light headache, dizziness, drowsiness or sweating may occurs. and to prevent the constipation, dietary fiber food should be taken as food and drink enough water and exercise should be done. similarly to reduce the risk of dizziness and light headache patients need to get up slowly when rising from the sitting or lying place. 

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